mythologie

[Omeros]

La mythologie (du grec mythos, mythe et logos, discours) (n.f.) est le corpus des mythes révélant le système de pensée ayant donné naissance à une religion et à la civilisation qui la porte.

Une autre définition de la mythologie est un bouquet cohérent de récits habituellement nommés mythes. Elle prend sens et activité dans une culture socio-religieuse. Le mot est généralement utilisé pour décrire les systèmes religieux des mondes anciens ou des civilisations premières, éloignées dans le temps ou dans l’espace.

« On nomme d’ordinaire "mythologie" les récits sacrés des religions auxquelles plus personne ne croit plus », Li M’Hâ Ong, Traité des Semences et des Etoiles


or ..... il y a un cote philosophique du mythe ....les mythes represente l'exemple pou la philosophye par exemple quand on dit mythe de sissif on dit le tragique et l'absurde .....
mais n'oublions pas que chaque personne interprete le mythe telqu'il le voit ........alors apres avoir explique l'origine du mythe essayons de presenter quelque mythe et interpretons les de facon philosophique ...religieuse meme ....ou sociale

Sisyphe, fils d'Eole, épousa la fille d'Atlas, Mérope, l'une des Pléiades, qui lui donna Glaucos, Ornytion et Sinon. Sisyphe possédait un beau troupeau dans l'isthme de Corinthe.

Non loin de lui vivait Autolycos, fils de Chioné, dont le frère jumeau Philammon était né des œuvres d'Apollon, alors qu'Autolycos se disait fils d'Hermès. Autolycos était passé maître dans l'art de voler, Hermès lui avait donné le pouvoir de métamorphoser toutes les bêtes qu'il volait. Ainsi et bien que Sisyphe eût remarqué que ses propres troupeaux diminuaient tous les jours, alors que ceux d'Autolycos augmentaient, il fut tout d'abord dans l'incapacité de l'accuser de vol; un jour donc il grava, sous le sabot de ses animaux son monogramme.
Cette nuit, Autolycos se servit, comme à l'ordinaire, et, à l'aube, les empreintes de sabots sur la route fournirent à Sisyphe des preuves suffisamment concluantes pour convoquer les voisins et les prendre à témoin du vol. Il inspecta l'étable d'Autolycos, reconnut les animaux qui lui avaient été volés à leurs sabots gravés, et laissant aux témoins le soin de punir le voleur il fit le tour de la maison, y pénétra et devint l'amant de la fille d'Autolycos, Anticlée. Elle donna la vie à Ulysse qui, avec un grand-père et un père si rusés et si habiles sut de qui tenir en toutes circonstances.
Sisyphe fonda Ephyra, connue par la suite sous le nom de Corinthe, et la peupla d'hommes nés de champignons.
Après que Zeus eut enlevé Egine, son père le dieu-Fleuve Asopos vint à Corinthe pour essayer de la retrouver. Sisyphe savait fort bien ce qui était arrivé à Egine mais il ne consentit à parler qu'à la condition qu'Asopos donnât une source perpétuelle à la citadelle de Corinthe. Asopos acquiesça et fit jaillir la source Pirène. Sisyphe alors lui raconta tout ce qu'il savait.

Zeus qui avait échappé de justesse à la vengeance d'Asopos, donna l'ordre à son frère Hadès de mener Sisyphe au Tartare et de lui infliger un châtiment éternel pour avoir divulgué des secrets divins. Mais Sisyphe ne voulait pas se soumettre; usant d'une ruse, il convainquit Thanatos envoyé par Hadès d'essayer des chaîne pour voir comment elles fonctionnaient et aussitôt qu'il les eut au poignet il les boucla. Ainsi Thanatos fut prisonnier dans la maison de Sisyphe pour plusieurs jours; si bien qu'à la fin, Arès, arriva en toute hâte, le délivra et remit Sisyphe entre ses griffes.
Sisyphe, cependant, avait encore un tour dans son sac. Avant de descendre au Tartare, il recommanda à Mérope, sa femme de ne pas l'enterrer; et quand il arriva au palais d'Hadès, il alla droit à Perséphone et lui déclara, qu'étant sans sépulture, il n'avait aucun droit d'être là et qu'on aurait dû le laisser sur l'autre rive du Styx aussi proposa-t-il de revenir sur terre pour y remédier. Perséphone se laissa tromper et lui accorda ce qu'il demandait; mais Sisyphe, aussitôt qu'il se trouva à nouveau sous le soleil renia sa promesse. Et, finalement, il fallut faire appel à Hermès pour le ramener de force. Sisyphe
Sisyphe
Sisyphe
Sisyphe reçut un châtiment exemplaire. Les Juges des Enfers lui montrèrent un énorme rocher, de la même taille que celui en lequel Zeus s'était changé lorsqu'il fuyait Asopos, et lui donnèrent l'ordre de le rouler en lui faisant remonter la pente jusqu'au sommet d'une colline et de le rejeter de l'autre côté pour qu'il retombe. Il n'a encore jamais réussi. Aussitôt qu'il est près d'atteindre le haut de la colline, il est rejeté en arrière sous le poids de l'énorme rocher, qui retombe tout en bas, et là, Sisyphe le reprend péniblement et doit tout recommencer.
Mérope, honteuse d'être la seule mortelle parmi les Pléiades dont le mari fût aux Enfers comme criminel, quitta ses six sœurs étoilées dans le ciel nocturne et depuis lors on ne l'a plus revue.

sisyphe .....a pris se fardeau il a essaye d'atteindre le sommet ....sur son trajet vers le sommet ( la perfection) il tomba une deux 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 fois chaque fois il revient au point 0 il reprend son trajet vers le sommet et toujours au meme niveau il retombe ....il y a pas de reponse sur la quetion pourquoi je tombe ! il ya aucune explication ... malgres tout il essaye de continuer

l'explication philosophique que sisyphe .... veut arriver au sommet la perfection .....mais toujours il y a des facteur exterieur qui le remet au pts 0
il ne sait pas quel sont ces cause il ya des cause cest l'absurdite de la vie .....et son traget cest le tragique lui meme ...
donc par synthese .: l'homme vie dans un monde d'absurdite ...un monde dont l'existence est absurde meme l'homme existe par le phenomene d'absurdite mais il continue a etre motiver car il tend vers la perfecion lui il tend a etre parfait a etre DIEU car dieu c'est la perfection ( cest la base de l'idee de nitsche que dieu nexiste pas car dieu cest le but de la perfection hummaine) .. il tend vers la perfection qu'il ne va jamais l'atteindre et cest le tragique dans la vie ..mais cela ne l'arrete du tout a tendre vers son but car c'est son sens la perfection est ca verite son but ....

[Omeros]

Greek creation myths
by Daphne Elliott
In the beginning, Chaos, an amorphous, gaping void encompassing the entire universe, and surrounded by an unending stream of water ruled by the god Oceanus, was the domain of a goddess named Eurynome, which means "far-ruling" or "wide-wandering".

She was the Goddess of All Things, and desired to make order out of the Chaos. By coupling with a huge and powerful snake, Ophion, or as some legends say, coupling with the North Wind, she gave birth to Eros, god of Love, also known as Protagonus, the "firstborn".

Eurynome separated the sky from the sea by dancing on the waves of Oceanus. In this manner, she created great lands upon which she might wander, a veritable universe, populating it with exotic creatures such as Nymphs, Furies, and Charites as well as with countless beasts and monsters.

Also born out of Chaos were Gaia, called Earth, or Mother Earth, and Uranus, the embodiment of the Sky and the Heavens, as well as Tartarus, god of the sunless and terrible region beneath Gaia, the Earth.

Gaia and Uranus married and gave birth to the Titans, a race of formidable giants, which included a particularly wily giant named Cronus.

In what has become one of the recurrent themes of Greek Mythology, Gaia and Uranus warned Cronus that a son of his would one day overpower him. Cronus therefore swallowed his numerous children by his wife Rhea, to keep that forecast from taking place.

This angered Gaia greatly, so when the youngest son, Zeus, was born, Gaia took a stone, wrapped it in swaddling clothes and offered it to Cronus to swallow. This satisfied Cronus, and Gaia was able to spirit the baby Zeus away to be raised in Crete, far from his grasping father.

In due course, Zeus grew up, came homeward, and got into immediate conflict with the tyrant Cronus, who did not know that this newcomer was his own son. Zeus needed his brothers and sisters help in slaying the tyrant, and Metis, Zeus's first wife, found a way of administering an emetic to Cronus, who then threw up his five previous children, who were Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, and Poseidon. Together they went to battle against their father. The results were that all of his children, led by Zeus, vanquished Cronus forever into Tartarus' domain, the Dark World under the Earth.

Thus, Zeus triumphed over not only his father, and his father's family of Giants, he triumphed over his brothers and sisters as well, dividing up the universe as he fancied, in short, bringing order out of Chaos.

He made himself Supreme God over all, creating a great and beautiful place for his favored gods to live, on Mount Olympus, in Thessaly. All the others were left to fend for themselves in lands below Mount Olympus.

Zeus made himself God of the Sky and all its phenomena, including the clouds as well as the thunderbolts. Hestia became goddess of the Hearth. To his brother Poseidon, he gave the rule of the Sea. Demeter became a goddess of Fertility, Hera (before she married Zeus and became a jealous wife), was goddess of Marriage and Childbirth, while Hades, one of his other brothers, was made god of the Underworld.

Zeus did indeed bring order out of Chaos, but one of his failings was that he did not look kindly upon the people, those creatures that populated the lands over which he reigned. Many were not beautiful, and Zeus had contempt for anyone who was not beautiful. And of course they were not immortal, as the Olympian gods were, and they complained about the lack of good food and the everlasting cold nights. Zeus ignored their complaints, while he and the other gods feasted endlessly on steaming hot game from the surrounding forests, and had great crackling fires in every room of their palaces where they lived in the cold winter.

Enter Prometheus, one of the Titans not vanquished in the war between Zeus and the giants. It is said in many myths that Prometheus had created d a race of people from clay, or that he had combined specks of every living creature, molded them together, and produced a new race, The Common Man. At the very least he was their champion before Zeus.

Fire for cooking and heating was reserved only for the gods to enjoy. Prometheus stole some of the sparks of a glowing fire from the Olympians, so that the people below Olympus could have fire for cooking and warmth in the winter, thus greatly improving their lot in life.

Zeus was furious at this insult to his absolute power, and had Prometheus bound and chained to a mountain, sending an eagle to attack him daily.

Adding insult to injury, Zeus had his fellow Olympian, Hephaestus, fashion a wicked but beautiful creature to torment Prometheus. It was a woman, whom they named Pandora, which means "all gifts". She was given a precious and beautiful box, which she was told not to open, but curiosity got the better of her, and out flew "all the evils that plague men." The only "gift" that stayed in the box was "Hope".

So, from "far-ruling" Eurynome to the creation of the Common Man, Greek creation myths are inextricably filled with difficulties, though often ameliorated by the gift of Hope. A myriad of other myths tell of the joys and adventures of great heroes and heroines, other gods and goddesses, as well as fantastic creatures from all parts of ancient Greece.

Apologia

Every myth, Greek or otherwise, that has ever been told or written, varies in the telling. The basic themes are repeated in many of them, but details, even story lines will differ considerably, from village to village, eon to eon.

When one understands that the myths have been told for many centuries before being written down, which first occurred about 800 BCE, one can relish the differences in the tellings and enjoy the Greek's brilliant and artful imagination throughout the ages.

[Omeros]

Adonis
by Morgan Upright
Adonis is a complex figure, for the outlines of his tale were fully as a part of the sub-Olympian Greek mythology by Greek and Roman authors, and yet he also retains many deep associations with his Semitic origins. The name "Adonis" is a variation of the Semitic word "Adonai", which means "lord", and which is also one of the names used to refer to YHWH in the Old Testament.

Adonis

At the beginning of his appearance in Greek myth, there is some confusion as to his parentage and his birth. Hesiod considers this Greek hero to be the son of Phoenix and Aephesiboea, while Apollodorus calls him the son of Cinyras and Metharme. The generally accepted version is that Aphrodite compelled Myrrha (or Smyrna) to commit incest with Theias, her father, the king of Assyria. Her nurse helped her with this trickery to become pregnant, and when Theias discovered this he chased her with a knife. To avoid his wrath the gods turned her into a myrrh tree. The tree later burst open, allowing Adonis to emerge. Another version says that after she slept with her father she hid in a forest where Aphrodite changed her into a tree. Theias struck the tree with an arrow, causing the tree to open and Adonis to be born. Yet another version says a wild boar open the tree with its tusks and freed the child; this is considered to be a foreshadowing of his death.

Once the child was born Aphrodite was so moved by his beauty that she sheltered him and entrusted him to Persephone. She was also taken by his beauty and refused to give him back.

The dispute between the two goddesses, in one version, was settled by Zeus; in others it was settled by Calliope on Zeus' behalf. The decision was that Adonis was to spend one-third of every year with each goddess and the last third wherever he chose. He always chose to spend two-thirds of the year with Aphrodite.

This went on till his death, where he was fatally wounded by a wild boar, said to be caused by Artemis. In some versions his death was caused not by Artemis, but by Aphrodite's lover, Ares, who was jealous of Adonis. Apollo is also said to be responsible because his son, Erymanthus, had seen Aphrodite naked and she blinded him for it. The story of Adonis provides a basis for the origin of myrrh and the origin of the rose, which grew from each drop of blood that fell.

The story of Adonis, despite its variants, is certainly another example of the dying vegetation god (see: Tammuz). The close association with Aphrodite or Persephone also brings his myth into line with the many other mated couples, where the male partener dies and is reborn, that is spread across North Africa and the Near East.

[Omeros]

Amazons
by Ron Leadbetter
Amazons

Warrior women, who are described in the Iliad as "antianeirai", meaning: those who go to war like men. They were also described by Herodotus as "androktones", killers of males. It is believed they resided in Pontus, Asia Minor (modern day Turkey) but there are differing views as to how many nations of Amazons there were. The most famous came from Pontus, with Themiscyra as their capital, and it is said that it was this community who built Ephesus on the central west coast of Asia Minor (history records Ephesus as being built circa 1050 BCE. by Ionian Greeks).

The name Amazon is believed to descend from the word amazoi which in Greek means "breast less", deriving from the legend that says they removed their young girls right breast, as to facilitate the drawing of the bow, as the bow and arrows were their main weapon. They also used sword, double sided axe and carried a distinctive crescent shaped shield. Most of their fighting was done from horseback. Some say the breast was removed by cutting, others that it was burnt off while the child was young, and one legend says they removed the breast themselves. As with most mythology there are many variations from different ancient writers as to where they were from and also to the places they traveled. It has been written that they journeyed as far afield as Egypt. With Myrine leading them they defeated the Atlantians, occupied Gorgon and the greater part of Libya, and also crossed Phrygia. This according to Diodorus of Sicily. Homer wrote in his great work the Iliad that the Amazons with Penthesilea went to Troy in aid of King Priam during the Trojan War, and while doing battle Penthesilea was wounded in her right breast. It was the hero Achilles who inflicted the wound, but then fell in love with her great beauty.

The great Heracles had to travel to the lands of the Amazons to complete the ninth labor imposed on him by Eurystheus. This labor became known as the "Girdle of Hippolyte" and his task was to bring back this symbolic girdle which had been given to the Amazons by the god of war Ares. It has been said that the Amazons were descendants of Ares and Otrera. Heracles took the girdle, but unfortunately he killed queen Hippolyta. Theseus the Athenian hero abducted Antiope the sister of Hippolyta, and he took her back to Athens. In some versions Theseus married her and in others he married Hippolyta. The legend tells of the Amazons invading Attica to take back their queen, and on reaching Athens a great battle took place, but the Athenians were glorious. This scene has been depicted in art by the Greeks in many forms, but probably the most famous are the architectural marble carvings from the Parthenon, this form of sculpture is known as Amazonomachy.

They worshiped Artemis the virgin goddess of the hunt, and Ares the god of war. There are many variations to the all female tribe. As how they multiplied, some say the Amazons met with men from nearby societies, then after choosing a suitable partner would take them into the darkness of the forest and there they would couple with them. When the time came, and if they gave birth to a male, they would kill, blind or cripple the infant. If they kept them alive they would then use them when they grew into young men (if they were suitable) as a supply of male seed. They also took men prisoner in battle, after choosing the most handsome they then used them for their sexual pleasure, and would either kill them or use them as slaves once their usefulness had been expended.

In medieval times, their kingdom was called 'Femyny'.

[Omeros]

Olympians

Aphrodite (Venus) | goddess of love and beauty

Apollo (Apollo) | god of the arts (esp. poetry and music), archery, and divination

Ares (Mars) | god of war

Artemis (Diana) | goddess of the hunt and protector of children

Athena (Minerva) | goddess of wisdom, war, and crafts; patron of Athens

Demeter (Ceres) | goddess of agriculture and fertility

Dionysos (Bacchus) | god of wine, mysteries, and the theatre

Hephaistos (Vulcan) | god of smiths and metal-workers

Hera (Juno) | goddess of marriage; consort of Zeus

Hermes (Mercury) | god of merchants; messenger of Zeus

Poseidon (Neptune) | god of the sea and earthquakes

Zeus (Jupiter) | god of the sky; ruler of Olympus